A Brief History of Androgen Excess -- Physiology of Androgens -- Ovarian and Adrenal Androgen Biosynthesis and Metabolism -- Androgens Throughout the Life of Women -- Physiological Effects of Androgens in Women -- Androgen Measurements -- Uncommon Causes of Androgen Excess -- Androgen-Secreting Adrenal and Ovarian Neoplasms -- Cushing’s Syndrome, Acromegaly, and Androgen Excess -- The Nonclassic Adrenal Hyperplasias -- Pregnancy-Related Androgen Excess -- Drug-Induced Hyperandrogenism -- Severe Insulin-Resistance Hyperandrogenic Syndromes -- Idiopathic Hirsutism -- The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Definition and Epidemiology of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Clinical Features of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Biochemical Features of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Ovarian Histology, Morphology, and Ultrasonography in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadotropic Dysfunction in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Ovarian Steroidogenic Abnormalities in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Dysfunction in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- The Genetic Basis of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Pediatric Hyperandrogenism and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescence -- Environmental Factors in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Animal Models and Fetal Programming of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinism in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- The Endocrine Impact of Obesity and Body Habitus in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Menstrual Dysfunction and Endometrial Neoplasia in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Other Androgen Excess Disorders -- ?-Cell Dysfunction, Glucose Intolerance, and Diabetes in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Hypertension and Cardiovascular and Lipoprotein Abnormalities in the Polycystic Ovary Snydrome -- Reproductive and Obstetrical Consequences of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Psychosocial and Quality-of-Life Consequences of Androgen Excess and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Overview of Long-Term Morbidity and Economic Cost of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Evaluation and Treatment of Androgen Excess -- Clinical and Hormonal Evaluation of Androgen Excess -- Ovarian Suppression and Treatment of Hirsutism -- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Ovulation Induction -- In Vitro Fertilization for the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Surgical Management of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Use of Insulin Sensitizers in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Weight Reduction and Lifestyle Modifiction in the Treatment of Androgen Excess.